نشریه گیاه پزشکی کاربردی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، خرداد 1396)

Root rot and vine decline disease caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is one of the most important diseases of melon crops, especially in hot and arid regions of the world. In this study, at the first step the virulence of eight isolates of M. cannonballus were evaluated on the genotype of muskmelon, locally named Zard-e-Garmsar. The most virulent isolate (isolate 583) was then used to inoculate the muskmelon plants that grafted onto cucurbit rootstock. For this purpose, the scion of Zarde-e-Garmsar muskmelon on cucurbit rootstocks including cultivars T-1 and T-113 were tested as well as Ghasri Mashhadi (as a resistant cultivar) in greenhouse conditions. After rootstock and scion sown in pots that infected by isolates583, the grafting was done. Hybrid plants placed in plastic cover to retain moisture for 10 days. Rootstocks weight was applied to measure the disease 45 days after grafting. Grafting Zard-e-Garmsar muskmelon on described rootstocks was successful. There was no significant difference between the treatments of root weight. The cucurbit rootstocks and Ghasri Mashhadi muskmelon showed the most weight in presence or absence of pathogen. This study demonstrated that root rot and vine decline disease on sensitive melon and cantaloupe cultivars can be grafting onto resistant rootstocks or non-host plants.

In recent years, Shallow bark canker (Brenneria nigrifluens) of walnut trees has become fairly widespread in Iran. To determine the distribution of the disease in Damavand, from summer of 2013, bark samples were collected from walnut trees showing symptoms of Shallow bark canker. 46 strains of bacteria were isolated from infected tissues. Strains appeared similar in phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of the morphological and biochemical results and sequencing of RNA polymerase beta sub unit gene the bacterium was identified as Brennerianigrifluens. This is the first report of Shallow bark canker of walnut trees in Damavand.

Flour moth Anagasta kuehniella (Lep: Pyralidae) is one of the stored product’s and nut’s pests which controlling of it, is highly essential. In the present study, the sub lethal of these mixtures Palizin, Diflubenzuron, Chlorpyrifos, Deltamethrin and Hexaflumuron on index of bio- demographic of third instar larval, pupa and adult stage of flour moth and pest feeding indices are examined. Larvae of flour moth were grown under the experiment conditions: temperature 25±3, humidity 40±5 percent and light period 14:10 hours. In order to calculate food indices used of the floured disks covered in poisons. The minimum larva period, the minimum pupal period and the minimum pupa weight were 14±0.4 day, 7.75±0.25 day and 0.016±0.0004 gram respectively, related to Palizin and the maximum larva period, the maximum pupal period and the maximum pupa weight were 19.75±0.25 day, 9.75±0.25 day and 0.012±0.0004 gram respectively, related to Deltamethrin. Also the minimum amounts of oviposition and the minimum amounts of eggs hatching percent and the minimum percent of perfect insects exit were 237±2.27, 61±0.81 percent and 27.5±2.5 percent, respectively and the maximum amounts of these were 247.75±1.25, 73.75±0.47 percent and 42.5±2.5 percent, respectively related to Deltamethrin. In the results of calculation of feeding index, Deltamethrin treatment had the minimum amounts of the relative growth rate, the relative usage rate and the efficiency index of transforming swallowed food in third instar larvae and the maximum of these related to Palizin.

In this study, 224 wheat genotypes which had good agronomic characteristics were selected between 1700 collection of Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, to evaluating against diseases FHB, leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in field condition in Golestan province. After land preparation, seed of each genotype were planted on a line with length 1.5 meters below mist irrigation systems. Spikes at 50% flowering (stage 65 of the Zadoks) were inoculated with spore suspension of fungi isolates of Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum) within three days of one another in two stages. To evaluate genotypes resistant to leaf rust, in stem elongation (stage 35 of the Zadoks), were sprayed with a mixture of spores of the pathogen. Genotypes were evaluated to powdery mildew with naturally infected area. Notes the reaction of genotypes diseases mentioned above, the standard method of assessment for all diseases. The results showed that, 60 percent of genotype in disease incidence of Fusarium head blight were moderately susceptible and 30% were susceptible reaction and the rest were moderately resistant and resistant, but in disease severity FHB, 30% of moderately susceptible reaction, 37% susceptible and the rest were placed in resistant and moderately resistant groups. In the disease index FHB of genotypes showed that 20 percent moderately susceptible, 22% susceptible, 34% moderately resistant and 24 percent showed good relative strength. Results evaluated genotypes reaction to leaf rust races in the region showed that 43% resistant, 47% susceptible and others 10 percent were moderately resistant or moderately susceptible. In this study, 17% of genotypes were resistant, 25% moderately resistant, 27% moderately susceptible and 31% were quite susceptible. After analysis of the data, 20 genotypes were favorable partial resistance to any of the diseases studied, were introduced as sources of resistance and molecular genetics of resistance to genetic unit Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute.

Gerbera is attacked by a large number of pests, one of the most important of which is greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood). Currently, it is controlled by chemical and large amounts of money are used to import insecticides to control this pest annually. In current research, the effect of Palizin and Imidacloprid in T. vaporariorum control in commercial gerbera greenhouses was compared. The experiment was performed in a commercial greenhouse in Pakdasht, Tehran. The same size and none flower gerbera pots were selected for further analysis. Before and after the experiment, the number of nymphs and adults were estimated. Selected factors were included: the pesticide in two levels, pesticide dose in three levels (0.5, 1 and 1.5), application time in three levels (hours 8, 12 and 16) and replications in a month in three levels (2, 4 and 6). Data was analyzed using Design Expert 10 software with RSM (Response Surface Method) method. Based on the result, the mortality percentage of whitefly adults during the use of Confidor is significantly higher than Palizin. Also the only significant factor was the pesticide type, and other factors will not make any significant changes in the response.

This study is based on survey on soil inhabiting Laelapidae that was carried out in year 2015 in different habitats of Shahrood region. In this study, 19 species belonging 10 genera and 3 subfamilies were collected and identified and determine some characteristics of biodiversity. According to results of Laelaspisella berlesi (45) was the most abundant and Gaeolaelaps kargi, Gaeolaelaps angusta and Pseudoparasitus hajiganbari (0/46) were the least abundant. The highest Margalef index and Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index were calculated for forest and Simpson index were calculated for Bastam.